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O'Leary, Maureen A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Flynn, John J.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Giallombardo, Andres; Giannini, Norberto P.; Goldberg, Suzann L.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (8 February 2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals". Science. 339 (6120): 662–667. Bibcode: 2013Sci...339..662O. doi: 10.1126/science.1229237. hdl: 11336/7302. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23393258. S2CID 206544776.

Because sloths move so slowly, they have also lost their muscle mass over time. They now have just 30% of the average muscle mass for a mammal of their size. As a result, they have become physically restricted to the slow speeds they utilise as a survival strategy. Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (16 August 2005). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode: 2005PNAS..10211763S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711. Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H. (15 May 2000). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. pp.624 (see pp. 94–95, 97). ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1. OCLC 493329394. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 . Retrieved 25 September 2016. There are six species of sloth, all with their own scientific names. They were previously all classified under the family Bradypodidae, but later research showed so many differences between two-toed and three-toed sloths that the two-toed sloths were given their own family, Megalonychidae. Scientists have determined that there are four distinct species of three-toed sloths and two distinct species of their two-toed cousins. Here are their scientific names: Same-sex sloths dash Drusillas breeding plan". BBC News. BBC. 5 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020 . Retrieved 30 April 2015.The greatest mystery of sloth pooping has been solved". 23 January 2014. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021 . Retrieved 9 February 2021. There are six extant sloth species in two genera – Bradypus (three–toed sloths) and Choloepus (two–toed sloths). Despite this traditional naming, all sloths have three toes on each rear limb-- although two-toed sloths have only two digits on each forelimb. [3] The two groups of sloths are from different, distantly related families, and are thought to have evolved their morphology via parallel evolution from terrestrial ancestors. Besides the extant species, many species of ground sloths ranging up to the size of elephants (like Megatherium) inhabited both North and South America during the Pleistocene Epoch. However, they became extinct during the Quaternary extinction event around 12,000 years ago, along with most large bodied animals in the New World. The extinction correlates in time with the arrival of humans, but climate change has also been suggested to have contributed. Members of an endemic radiation of Caribbean sloths also formerly lived in the Greater Antilles but became extinct after humans settled the archipelago in the mid-Holocene, around 6,000 years ago. The main reason for a sloth’s lethargic movement is its specialised metabolism. They live off low-calorie vegetation that their bodies turn into energy at a very slow speed. Their metabolic rate is about 40-45% of the average speed expected in a mammal their size, and it can take anywhere from 157 to 1,200 hours for a sloth to metabolise and excrete a leaf it eats. Chiarello, A. G. (2008). Sloth ecology: an overview of field studies. The biology of the Xenarthra, 269-280. Although habitat is limited to the tropical rainforests of Central and South America, in that environment sloths are successful. On Barro Colorado Island in Panama, sloths have been estimated to constitute 70% of the biomass of arboreal mammals. [59] Four of the six living species are currently rated "least concern"; the maned three-toed sloth ( Bradypus torquatus), which inhabits Brazil's dwindling Atlantic Forest, is classified as "vulnerable", [60] while the island-dwelling pygmy three-toed sloth ( B. pygmaeus) is critically endangered. Sloths' lower metabolism confines them to the tropics and they adopt thermoregulation behaviors of cold-blooded animals such as sunning themselves. [61] Human relations Three-toed sloth in the Dallas World Aquarium

They have made adaptations to arboreal browsing. Leaves, their main food source, provide very little energy or nutrients, and do not digest easily, so sloths have large, slow-acting, multi-chambered stomachs in which symbiotic bacteria break down the tough leaves. [39] As much as two-thirds of a well-fed sloth's body weight consists of the contents of its stomach, and the digestive process can take a month or more to complete.Raj Pant, Sara; Goswami, Anjali; Finarelli, John A (2014). "Complex body size trends in the evolution of sloths (Xenarthra: Pilosa)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 184. doi: 10.1186/s12862-014-0184-1. PMC 4243956. PMID 25319928. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)